What Is CBT?
Cognitive behavioral therapy is a type of psychotherapy that can be provided in individual or group sessions with a licensed therapist. CBT therapy understands that thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are linked, and that changes in one will affect changes in the other two.
CBT sessions focus on teaching people skills to interrupt and change negative or problematic thoughts and behaviors that feed into mental health problems. Cognitive behavioral therapists tend to be more structured in their approach, using sessions to teach specific CBT skills and concepts and encouraging the client to apply what they learn in between sessions.1,2,4
How Is CBT for Anxiety Different From Other Approaches?
CBT stands apart from other approaches for anxiety due to its structured, dual approach that creates tangible results quickly. Where other approaches may focus only on cognitive aspects of anxiety, like the worried thoughts and feelings, CBT will place high importance on the behavioral aspects. When the person changes their behaviors, they can greatly reduce their overall symptoms of anxiety.
“For people with anxiety who are trying CBT, it helps because negative thoughts cause people to have negative emotions, which lead to destructive behaviors. CBT focuses on identifying unhealthy thought processes and correcting one’s thoughts and beliefs to stop them from escalating to feelings of anxiety or an unhealthy behavior in response to the felt anxiety.” – Matt Grammer, MA, MEd, LPCC-S, CEO and Founder of the Kentucky Counseling Center
What Anxiety Disorders Can CBT Treat?
CBT is considered an evidence based practice and has been found to be especially effective in treating several types of anxiety disorders.2,4 In fact, CBT is widely recognized as the “gold standard” in anxiety treatments, as no other therapy has as much research supporting its effectiveness.
CBT is effective in treating anxiety disorders like:
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Panic disorder
- Specific phobias
- Social Anxiety Disorder
CBT is also used to treat other disorders which have anxiety as a common symptom, including Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
Common CBT Techniques for Anxiety
Once problematic thought and behavior patterns have been identified, CBT therapy will focus on teaching skills to help people replace these patterns with other, more helpful patterns. CBT therapy tends to be very solution-focused, with the therapist working closely with the client towards specific goals.1
Grammer cautions, “CBT Techniques are tools that are helpful, but their effectiveness depends on the person who’s undergoing the treatment. Some CBT techniques and methods might not lessen one’s struggle with anxiety, while some CBT methods can help efficiently. It’s up to the patient and therapist to learn which techniques work for them and which don’t.”
Here are some of the common CBT techniques used to treat anxiety symptoms:2,4,5,8
Anxiety Psychoeducation
For any disorder, CBT will provide a level of psychoeducation to inform the client about their particular anxiety disorder, how symptoms form, how they are maintained, and the proposed course of action. This phase of treatment could only take a few minutes or a few sessions, depending on the complexity of the situation and someone’s understanding of their anxiety.
Pattern Tracking
The goal of CBT treatment is to reduce symptoms and improve functioning by changing thought and behavior patterns. To help achieve that goal, early treatment is often focused on helping clients recognize these patterns and find ways to stop them before they become problematic.7,9,10
Common CBT assignments include logs where clients are asked to track their:1,9
- Thoughts they have throughout the day, especially during times they experience stress or anxiety (e.g., any “what-if” thoughts that increase anxiety)
- Emotions they experience and the intensity of these emotions (e.g., slight nervousness vs complete panic)
- Behaviors and responses when anxious, and any consequences or rewards these behaviors lead to (e.g., noticing avoidance relieves short term anxiety but increases long term anxiety)
- External or internal circumstances that cause specific thoughts, feelings, and responses (e.g., anxiety triggered by certain social situations or when thinking about the unknown)
Grammer notes, “Pattern tracking/journaling helps when someone wants to identify the behaviors they’re doing when negative feelings arise. These are helpful for individuals who are suffering from eating disorders, anxiety, and anger issues.”
Thought Stopping
Once awareness of patterns is developed, CBT therapists may begin to teach specific skills to interrupt and replace some of the client’s patterns. Many CBT skills focus on helping clients interrupt unhelpful thought patterns, but some also focus on helping clients interrupt unhelpful patterns of behavior. Once interrupted, the client learns ways to replace these thoughts and behaviors with patterns that are more helpful.1
Thought stopping is a skill that involves using a verbal or visual mental command when experiencing unhelpful thoughts that interrupts them. This may be the word “Stop” or “No,” or imagining an image of a stop sign when a person begins replaying an embarrassing moment or worrying about something that hasn’t happened yet.9
Reframing Thoughts
Reframing is a skill that involves interrupting an unhelpful thought and then trying to rethink it in a more helpful way. For example, a person could reframe an anxious thought about an upcoming doctor’s appointment by thinking about the ways it could benefit their health.
Reframing can help people adjust their thoughts in ways that reduce anxiety and lead to more effective responses. Reframing works by helping to introduce more rational thinking patterns during times when a person’s thinking has become overly emotional.1,6,9
Grammer states, “Reframing thoughts is beneficial to those who struggle with their self-esteem. A person who undergoes this type of technique is asked to challenge a certain view they have of themselves to check if it’s real or not.”
Challenging Thoughts
Challenging thoughts involves testing the accuracy of a thought through rational processes like listing evidence that the thought is true or untrue, or considering other viable explanations. Challenging anxious thoughts can reduce anxiety and also reduce irrational and impulsive decisions during times of stress or worry.
For instance, listing the evidence for and against a certain belief or assumption is a common CBT method of challenging irrational thoughts. This skill can help people recognize when their thoughts might be distorted because of their anxiety, instead of automatically believing they are true.6,9
Exposure Tasks
Because anxious people tend to avoid situations that make them anxious, exposure tasks are often recommended to limit avoidance, reduce anxiety, and build confidence. Exposure tasks involve gradually facing feared situations and building up to more intensely feared and avoided situations.6,9
For example, a person afraid of public speaking might start by practicing a speech in front of one or two friends and progress to speaking to a small group at work. CBT therapists also teach clients relaxation skills (like deep breathing or muscle relaxation) to prepare for these exposures. Exposures work by helping people gain confidence in their ability to face their fears, while also developing the skills to better manage their anxiety.10
Problem Solving
Problem solving involves clients being encouraged to think through the options and evaluate the potential short- and long-term consequences of each option. Because many anxiety-driven behaviors are focused only on finding short-term relief, these skills are needed to help them make better decisions.
For instance, canceling plans might be tempting for someone with social anxiety because it would mean avoiding an uncomfortable situation but it can lead to isolation, depression, and even more social anxiety in the long run. Using a problem solving approach could identify these consequences ahead of time, helping a person avoid making a poor choice in the moment.
Behavioral Activation
Anxiety tends to make people less active socially and behaviorally. People may think that doing less and avoiding their problems lowers anxiety, but it actually increases symptoms. Therefore, therapists will work to get the person going places, doing things, and engaging with others to lessen the impact of anxiety.
Relaxation Skills
Exposure and behavioral activation activities will induce higher levels of anxiety in the short-term. Learning and using relaxation skills can help to cushion the impact of anxiety and decrease symptoms sooner and more efficiently.
Journaling
Asking the client to journal their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors is a frequently used CBT tool. The process can help the client understand themselves and their experience, but it can also help the therapist better understand the person and their point-of-view. Using anxiety journaling prompts can be a great way to start tracking your symptoms and understand what may be the underlying triggers associated with your anxiety symptoms.
How Does CBT Treat Anxiety?
CBT addresses anxiety by helping people make changes to the way they think and behave during times when they are anxious. CBT aims to help people interrupt and change the worried thoughts that feed into anxiety, while also helping to reduce avoidant behaviors. Together, these changes help reduce symptoms of anxiety without the use of medication, and lessen the impact of anxiety for the client day-to-day.2,4,5
CBT Helps Reduce Anxious Thought Patterns
CBT describes anxious thoughts as “thought distortions” or “negative automatic thoughts,” which are believed to increase anxiety. These include worried ‘worst-case scenario’ or ‘what if…’ thoughts that many people ruminate on when they feel anxious, and other negative thoughts a person has about themselves or their lives. With the help of CBT skills, it is possible to stop and change these thoughts into more positive, helpful thoughts that reduce anxiety.2,4,5,6,7
Here are some examples of how CBT can help to interrupt negative or distorted thoughts that feed into anxiety:8,9
Magnification
Magnification is overfocusing or giving too much attention to an unimportant detail, or to something that is unlikely to happen.
- Example of magnification: Focusing on one small mistake you made in an hour long presentation.
- CBT intervention for magnification: Zooming out to focus on the big picture, or to notice other, positive parts of the presentation, which can help to reframe negative thoughts about the presentation.
Fortune Telling
Fortune telling is making predictions about the future without having sufficient information or evidence.
- Example of fortune telling: Believing that a blind date will be painfully awkward or uncomfortable without knowing or meeting the person.
- CBT intervention for fortune telling: Imagining positive outcomes or interactions for the date or using mindfulness to bring your attention to the present, instead of focusing on the future.
Mind Reading
Mind reading includes thoughts that assume knowledge about what another person thinks or feels, or what their motives were for a certain choice.
- Example of mind reading: Believing that a friend didn’t call you back because they are mad at you and don’t want to be friends anymore.
- CBT intervention for mind reading: Considering alternative, less personal, reasons for why they didn’t return your call (i.e. they were busy, forgot, etc.).
Comparisons
Comparisons involve unhelpful comparisons a person makes between themselves and others that make them feel more insecure, inadequate or anxious.
- Example of comparisons: Comparing yourself at work to someone who has been doing the job for 5 years longer, and feeling like a failure as a result.
- CBT intervention for comparison: Imagining a stop sign in your mind when you catch yourself making unhelpful comparisons, and working to refocus your attention to other thoughts when this happens.
Emotional Reasoning
Emotional reasoning is the tendency to believe something is true or will be true simply because of an emotion a person has.
- Example of emotional reasoning: Becoming convinced that a meeting will go poorly simply because you are dreading it.
- CBT intervention for emotional reasoning: Monitoring and tracking your anxious thoughts by writing them down in a log, which will help you become more aware of this distortion.
Filtering
Filtering occurs when a person discounts and ignores certain information that doesn’t fit with other thoughts, beliefs or feelings.
- Example of filtering: Believing that others don’t like you and discounting the many friends and family members that love you, and also the people you’ve had positive interactions with.
- CBT intervention for filtering: Listing all of the “evidence” that supports the belief that people don’t like you, as well as the evidence that conflicts with this belief can help you challenge irrational thoughts and beliefs.
CBT Reduces Behaviors That Lead to Anxiety
CBT therapists also help people identify behavior patterns that may be causing problems or making their problems worse. Problematic behaviors are identified by evaluating both the short and long-term consequences of a given behavior. Often, problem behaviors reduce anxiety in the short-term (by providing immediate relief) but increase it in the long-term, while also creating other unwanted consequences.
Problematic behavior patterns in people with anxiety disorders could include:
Avoidance
Avoidance coping, or avoiding situations, places, or things that trigger anxiety can offer short-term relief for anxiety, but tends to make symptoms worse in the long-term.
- Example of avoidance behaviors: Canceling plans with friends because of feeling anxious or insecure about rejection.
- CBT intervention for avoidance: CBT often uses exposure therapy to encourage anxious people to gradually face their fears, while also teaching them relaxation skills to manage their anxiety.
Control
Anxious people sometimes resort to controlling strategies to manage their anxiety and feel more secure when uncertain.
- Example of control behaviors: Needing to follow a rigid routine or schedule when stressed or anxious in order to feel more in control and less anxious.
- CBT intervention for control: a CBT therapist might encourage a person to change their routine or schedule in small ways as a form of exposure therapy. Over time, this can help them feel more confident in their ability to adapt to change.
Distraction
Distraction involves doing or focusing on things in order to avoid anxious thoughts or feelings.
- Example of distraction: Needing to keep the TV or radio on in the background to avoid the anxious thoughts that pop up during quiet times.
- CBT intervention for distraction: CBT teaches alternative skills that can be used instead of distraction, including skills to help them interrupt, challenge, and change anxious thoughts into ones that help them feel calmer.
Projection
Projection involves redirecting anxiety or other emotions outward to another person or situation.
- Example of projection: Snapping at your partner because of feeling anxious and on-edge about a big project at work.
- CBT interventions for projection: CBT would encourage a person to identify the real trigger or cause of the emotions, and to deal with this head-on by examining the specific thoughts and fears feeding into the anxiety. A CBT therapist might also help the person challenge these thoughts or come up with actionable steps they can take to successfully complete the project.
Procrastination
Procrastination involves delaying or putting off a task because of anxiety.
- Example of procrastination: Waiting until the night before a big project is due before starting on it.
- CBT interventions for procrastination: A CBT therapist might help a person identify procrastination patterns, when and where they are most likely to show up, and how to resist urges to procrastinate. For example, a person might be encouraged to break the task up into smaller parts that are easier to complete, instead of doing the whole task at once.
