The difference between psychologists and psychiatrists

Deborah C. Escalante

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What is the difference between psychology and psychiatry? Both professions share some educational requirements and practices, but are distinct from one another. Learn the similarities and differences between psychology vs psychiatry.

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People often use the terms “psychiatrist” and “psychologist” interchangeably — an easy mistake to make if you are not familiar with the field. Both professionals treat patients struggling with mental health on a one-on-one basis. However, there is quite a bit of difference between the two professions when it comes to their education, training, and scope of practice.

So, what is the difference between psychology and psychiatry? Read on to explore the similarities and differences between the two disciplines and determine which career path is right for you.

What is Psychology?

The study of the mind, emotions, and behavior, psychology was considered a branch of philosophy before becoming an independent discipline in the mid-1800s. Psychology students examine the cognitive and social factors that influence people’s actions and reactions. Psychologists employ a variety of therapeutic techniques to help patients heal from trauma and improve their mental health.

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What is Psychiatry?

Psychiatry is a branch of medicine focused on diagnosing and treating mental health disorders. The term literally means the “medical treatment of the soul.” Like psychologists, psychiatrists use psychotherapy to help clients. However, they also understand how biology factors into a person’s mental health and how to treat mental illness with medication.

Similarities and Differences

While the disciplines of psychology and psychiatry share a lot in common, there are some key differences in the education and practices associated with each path.

Training and Education

Psychologists must earn a bachelor’s degree, a master’s degree, and a doctoral degree in psychology. In many states, candidates also complete a postdoctoral fellowship to accrue additional supervised experience before obtaining licensure and treating clients. The educational process to become a licensed psychologist takes about 8-10 years.

To become a psychiatrist, candidates complete a bachelor’s degree before attending medical school. Prospective psychiatrists study pharmacology, anatomy, biology, neurology, and disease, acquiring the knowledge necessary to prescribe medication. Graduates complete a residency, which typically lasts about 4 years, before seeking licensure. The process lasts about 12 years in total.

Differences in Practice

Both psychologists and psychiatrists can provide psychotherapy. However, most psychiatrists treat patients primarily by prescribing medication, while psychologists mainly rely on providing talk and/or behavioral therapy. Some states now grant psychologists prescription privileges once they complete the required education and training.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Are therapists psychologists or psychiatrists?

The word “therapist” is a generic term that can refer to a licensed counselor or clinical psychologist authorized to treat mental illnesses without the use of drugs. While psychiatrists can provide psychotherapy, they usually do not refer to themselves as therapists.

Is psychiatry a type of psychology?

Psychiatrists and psychologists are both trained to identify mental issues and disorders. Psychiatry is technically a branch of medicine, while psychology is its own separate discipline.

Can psychologists diagnose mental illness?

Yes, psychologists are trained to diagnose mental illnesses.

Can psychologists prescribe medication?

Generally, no. There are five states where clinical psychologists can prescribe medication: Louisiana, New Mexico, Illinois, Iowa, and Idaho.

Do psychologists and psychiatrists make similar salaries?

Psychiatrists make more on average than psychologists in the United States. As of 2020, psychiatrists earned an average of $217,100 while clinical psychologists earned a median of $82,180.

Who spends more time in school: psychiatrists or psychologists?

Psychiatrists spend about 12 years in higher education, while psychologists spend about 8-10 studying.

Are psychologists doctors?

Clinical psychologists are doctors in the sense that they attend graduate school and obtain a doctoral degree. However, they are not medical doctors like psychiatrists.

Choosing Between Psychology and Psychiatry

Choosing between these two career paths comes down to your personal priorities, as both professions come with pros and cons. Differing factors include educational requirements, average salary, and scope of practice.

As a Career

Psychiatrists typically pay more for their education than psychologists because they spend longer in school. However, the return on investment quickly pays off, as the average psychiatrist out-earns the typical clinical psychologist. While this initially attracts many students to psychiatry, there are other factors to consider when choosing between the two professions.

Are you more interested in environmental and social effects on mental health, or biological factors? Psychology students dive deep into the external causes of mental disorders and the therapeutic approaches to treating them. Psychiatrists spend a significant amount of time exploring the biological and neurological elements of mental health, which requires a strong aptitude for math and science.

Some prefer clinical psychology because it allows practitioners to spend more time getting to know their clients and fostering deeper relationships with them. While some psychiatrists do choose to provide therapy, most focus on helping patients with medication.

As a Client

It can be tricky to determine the type of mental health professional that is best for you. If you think you have a serious mental health condition, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, consider seeing a psychiatrist. While individuals with these conditions can benefit from psychotherapy, medication is also a helpful treatment for many people.

As a general rule, seeing a licensed counselor or clinical psychologist is a good place to start. Talk therapy can help you process trauma and give you tools to deal with stress, depression, and anxiety without medication. If your therapist determines that therapy alone is not improving your symptoms, then you may consider seeing a psychiatrist.

Unfortunately, it can be difficult to find a psychiatrist who is willing to take on new patients, because they are in such high demand. As an alternative, you may choose to see a therapist in conjunction with a general practitioner who can prescribe you the medication you need. This way, you can benefit from receiving psychotherapy in addition to medicine.

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Portrait of Megan Pietrucha, Psy.D.

Megan Pietrucha, Psy.D.

Megan Pietrucha, Psy.D., is a licensed clinical psychologist who currently practices in the Chicago area. She holds a bachelor’s in psychology from Illinois Wesleyan University and a doctorate in clinical psychology from the Illinois School of Professional Psychology at Argosy University. Her clinical interests include the treatment of eating and body image concerns, college student and student-athlete mental health, and mood disorders. Pietrucha has also taught undergraduate and graduate courses in psychology.

Megan Pietrucha is a paid member of the Red Ventures Education freelance review network.

Page last reviewed November 23, 2021

What is the Difference Between a Psychologist and a Psychiatrist?

Two women discussing the difference between psychologist versus psychiatrist

If you’re fascinated by the inner workings of the human mind and want to start a career in mental health, you may be faced with a key career choice: whether to be a psychologist vs psychiatrist.

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While both psychologists and psychiatrists work with patients to improve their mental well-being and quality of life, they actually have very different roles.

The differences between psychologists and psychiatrists include everything from their education and training to where they work and how they serve their patients. If you’re interested in a mental health career, it’s important to explore which role is right for you.

Let’s take a look at some of the differences and similarities between careers in psychology and psychiatry with insights from faculty members in Southern New Hampshire University’s (SNHU) psychology programs.

What Are Psychologists and Psychiatrists?

Both psychology and psychiatry are key parts of the mental health field. But while each area of study examines the human mind, their focus and real-world application is very different.

Dr. Josh Garrin with the text Dr. Josh Garrin“In casual conversation, we tend to use these terms interchangeably,” said Dr. Josh Garrin, an adjunct psychology instructor at SNHU. “However, each of these health professionals is a uniquely qualified specialist in their own right.”

The most significant difference between the two fields is that a psychiatrist is a medical doctor and can prescribe medication. While psychologists typically hold doctorate degrees, they do not attend medical school and are not medical doctors.

Instead, a psychologist specializes in the study of human thought and behavior, including the impact of development, environment and social interaction on what we think, feel and do, said Garrin. A psychologist aims to diagnose and treat mental health challenges by listening to and offering practical, behavioral guidance to their clients.

A psychiatrist also specializes in the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues, said Garrin. But unlike a psychologist, psychiatrists examine the neurochemical imbalances and other medical conditions that contribute to mental health challenges.

So what can a psychologist do that a psychiatrist cannot do, and vice versa?

Psychiatrists can technically do many of the same things as psychologists, but they often don’t. Psychiatrists can perform psychotherapy, for example, but many refer that work to psychologists or therapists. Psychologists, on the other hand, typically cannot prescribe medication like a psychiatrist can, as they are not medical doctors.

When choosing between a career as a psychologist vs. a psychiatrist, it’s important to dig deeper into the similarities and differences between the two roles, starting with the education and training it takes to work in the field.

Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist: Education and Training

No matter which career path you choose—psychology or psychiatry—you will have to complete years of advanced coursework. Both careers typically also require hands-on learning through clinical hours or residency programs and state licensure.

How to Become a Psychologist

Becoming a psychologist typically starts with a four-year undergraduate psychology degree program. There are many types of psychology, so specializations may be available in a number of areas, including:

Earning a master’s degree in psychology is the next step in getting started in the field. Psychology master’s degrees may also be available in a specific area of study, including:

In many states, a master’s degree is enough to get licensed as a therapist or mental health counselor. But to become a licensed psychologist, most states require a doctoral degree, with options for a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) or Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) program.

“The choice would be whether you want to go into clinical work, in which case you should explore a PsyD program and become a Doctor of Psychology,” said Dr. Nickolas Dominello, an associate dean of social sciences at SNHU. “Or, do you want to go into the research realm and get a PhD?”

No matter which doctoral program you choose, additional clinical hours will be required in order to get licensed as a psychologist.

Most states require 3,000 hours of supervised professional experience to qualify for licensure, said Garrin. But the requirements do vary from state to state so it’s important to explore what is required to practice in your area.

How to Become a Psychiatrist

The education required to get a job is a big difference between psychologist and psychiatrist career paths.

Psychiatry is a medical specialization, just like pediatrics, dermatology, internal medicine or obstetrics. As such, your education will be centered around preparing for and attending medical school.

Dr. Thomas Maccarty with the text Dr. Thomas Maccarty“Psychiatrists attend medical school and then have specialized training in mental health disorders and diagnosing and treating patients with those disorders,” said Dr. Thomas MacCarty, an associate dean of social sciences programs at SNHU.

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And although there is no required undergraduate degree program for aspiring psychiatrists, many students do choose to major in psychology or in a pre-medicine program, said Garrin.

A pre-medicine undergraduate degree focuses on courses such as:

  • Anatomy and Physiology
  • Ethics
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Psychology
  • Public Health
  • Sociology
  • Statistics

After completing your undergraduate degree, a passing score on the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) is required for entry into medical school. During your four years of medical school, you’ll complete advanced coursework in microbiology, pathology, pharmacology and more and spend time getting hands-on clinical experience.

Once medical school is completed, a four-year residency in a hospital or clinic is required for hands-on experience in the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of clients with a broad range of psychiatric issues, said Garrin.

Some students will also go on to complete a fellowship program, Garrin said, which involves additional in-depth training in a psychiatric specialty, such as addiction psychiatry, pediatric psychiatry or neuropsychiatry.

A medical license and certification from a psychiatry licensing board is required before a psychiatrist can practice. Requirements for licensure vary from state to state, so it’s important to explore your state’s regulations before completing your studies.

Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist: Career Opportunities

Much like there are differences between psychologist and psychiatrist degree programs, there are also differences in how each professional treats patients and where they work.

Dr. Barbara Lesniak and the text Dr. Barbara LesniakIn many cases, the two fields actually work closely together to improve patient health and quality of life, said Dr. Barbara Lesniak, senior associate dean of social sciences at SNHU.

“A person who suffers from anxiety may visit a psychiatrist, who assesses the severity and prescribes anti-anxiety medication,” Lesniak said. “The doctor may then refer the person to a psychologist who sees them weekly to teach them behavioral strategies for managing their symptoms.”

There is also a range of applications for both psychology and psychiatry, even beyond the traditional helping professions.

Psychologist Career Opportunities

With a career as a psychologist, you could pursue a wide variety of job opportunities. While many psychologists work with patients directly, you don’t have to become a therapist if you study psychology, said Garrin.

In fact, there are job opportunities for psychologists across many industries, including:

  • Business
  • Community services
  • Education
  • Human resources
  • Intelligence and homeland security
  • Law enforcement
  • Public health
  • Research analysis
  • Sales and marketing

With a career as a psychologist, you could open a private counseling practice and work one on one with patients or be hired as a consultant to help craft a marketing campaign based on buyer psychology. You could work in academia conducting research or work in a hospital setting alongside psychiatrists and other healthcare professionals.

No matter what you choose to do, working as a psychologist can help you secure a job with strong career growth and earning potential. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), psychologists earned a median salary of $81,040 in 2021. Jobs for psychologists are projected to grow 6% from 2021 to 2031.

Psychiatrist Career Opportunities

A career as a psychiatrist can also open the doors to a wide variety of professional roles. Many psychiatrists work in hospitals and other medical institutions, but there are plenty of other ways to use a psychiatry degree.

Psychiatrists can work in settings such as:

  • Government
  • Hospitals or medical clinics
  • Judicial systems
  • Private practices

Dr. Nikolas Dominello with the text Dr. Nikolas DominelloAnd because psychiatrists have the medical background to do more diagnostic work and provide medical treatments, they often work with more extreme or complicated mental health cases, said Dominello.

There are many opportunities for earning and career growth as a psychiatrist. According to BLS data, psychiatrists earned a mean salary of $249,760 in 2021. Jobs for psychiatrists are projected to grow 9% between 2021 and 2031.

Choosing Between Psychology and Psychiatry

When it comes to choosing a career as a psychologist vs. a psychiatrist, it’s important to consider the differences between the two fields and determine which aligns best with your personal interests and goals.

For example, said Dominello, becoming a psychiatrist will mean a much bigger focus on the medical side of mental health, including biochemistry and neuroscience. Earning a PsyD degree to become a psychologist, on the other hand, will mean a larger focus on psychotherapy and working with patients, while a psychologist with a PhD will likely spend more time focusing on research or academic work.

No matter what career path you choose, said Garrin, you will be able to positively impact the lives of others with your work.

“Whether you choose to pursue a career in psychology or psychiatry, you have the unique opportunity to improve the mental stability of those you serve, enhance their quality of life, and help them to become functioning, productive members of society,” he said.

A degree can change your life. Find the SNHU psychology program that can best help you meet your goals.

Danielle Gagnon is a freelance writer focused on higher education. Connect with her on LinkedIn.

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